De-Extinction, Ancient Viruses, and the Future of Humanity: A Deep Dive with Beth Shapiro on JRE

Ever wondered if we could bring back extinct animals? Or what secrets are lurking in the DNA of creatures that roamed the earth millennia ago? Joe Rogan and Beth Shapiro, a paleogeneticist and evolutionary biologist, delve into the fascinating and sometimes unsettling world of de-extinction, ancient viruses, and what the past can tell us about our future. Buckle up, because this conversation is a wild ride through the history of life on Earth!

TL;DR

De-extinction is more about creating proxies for extinct species with similar ecological roles than perfectly replicating the original animal.
Ancient viruses trapped in permafrost pose a potential but likely minimal threat to modern humans due to our immune system’s adaptation over time.
Understanding ancient DNA can provide valuable insights into how species adapt to climate change and other environmental pressures.
The ethical considerations surrounding de-extinction are complex and require careful thought and public discourse.
Human influence on the environment has profound and lasting consequences, shaping the evolutionary trajectory of life on Earth.

Key Topics Covered

The Reality of De-Extinction

Beth Shapiro clarifies that de-extinction isn’t about perfectly recreating extinct animals like in Jurassic Park. Instead, it’s about using genetic engineering to create “proxies” – animals that share key traits with the extinct species and can fulfill a similar ecological role. This approach is driven by the potential to restore damaged ecosystems and combat biodiversity loss. The discussion touches on the challenges of obtaining and working with ancient DNA, as well as the ethical considerations surrounding the modification of existing species.

Shapiro emphasizes the importance of focusing on species whose extinction has had significant ecological consequences. By bringing back animals like the woolly mammoth (or, more accurately, a mammoth-like elephant), we might be able to restore grasslands and mitigate the effects of climate change.

“De-extinction isn’t about bringing back dinosaurs. It’s about using genetics to help solve real-world ecological problems.” – Beth Shapiro

Ancient Viruses and the Ice Age

The conversation shifts to the topic of ancient viruses trapped in permafrost. While the idea of long-dormant pathogens re-emerging is certainly concerning, Shapiro explains that the risk to humans is likely low. Our immune systems have evolved alongside these viruses for millennia, and we possess a degree of natural immunity. However, she acknowledges that there are unknowns and that monitoring efforts are crucial.

Rogan and Shapiro discuss the possibility of encountering entirely novel viruses, ones that our immune systems have never seen. While the likelihood of a catastrophic event is small, the potential consequences are significant, highlighting the need for continued research and preparedness. The melting permafrost also releases methane, further exacerbating climate change, creating a dangerous feedback loop.

“The real risk isn’t some crazy new virus wiping us out, it’s the disruption to ecosystems and the release of methane that’s really worrying.” – Beth Shapiro

The Evolutionary History of Species

Delving into the past through ancient DNA reveals how species have adapted to changing environments. This understanding can inform conservation efforts and help us predict how animals might respond to future challenges, such as climate change and habitat loss. By studying the genetic makeup of extinct and endangered species, we can gain insights into the mechanisms of adaptation and identify populations that are particularly vulnerable.

Shapiro highlights the importance of genetic diversity within populations. Species with low genetic diversity are less able to adapt to change and are therefore at greater risk of extinction. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving genetic diversity to ensure the long-term survival of species.

Ethical Considerations

The discussion covers ethical considerations surrounding de-extinction. What are the potential unintended consequences of releasing resurrected species into the wild? Who gets to decide which species are brought back, and what criteria should be used? How do we balance the potential benefits of de-extinction with the risks to existing ecosystems? These are complex questions that require careful consideration and public dialogue.

Rogan and Shapiro emphasize the importance of involving a wide range of stakeholders in the decision-making process, including scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public. Transparency and open communication are essential to ensure that de-extinction is pursued responsibly and ethically.

Intriguing Anecdotes & Stories

Beth Shapiro shares a fascinating story about her experience working with ancient DNA from extinct moa birds in New Zealand. She describes the painstaking process of extracting and analyzing the DNA, and the challenges of piecing together the evolutionary history of these giant flightless birds. The story highlights the dedication and perseverance required to conduct research in the field of paleogenetics.

Another compelling anecdote involves the attempt to clone a Pyrenean Ibex. While the clone survived only for a few minutes, it demonstrated the potential (and the ethical quagmire) of bringing back extinct species. The story serves as a cautionary tale about the limitations and potential risks of de-extinction efforts.

Actionable Insights & Takeaways

Support scientific research into ancient DNA and its potential applications for conservation and climate change mitigation.
Engage in informed discussions about the ethical implications of de-extinction and other emerging technologies.
Be mindful of the impact of human activities on the environment and support efforts to protect biodiversity.
Stay informed about the latest scientific discoveries and technological advancements in the fields of genetics and ecology.

Conclusion

This episode of the Joe Rogan Experience with Beth Shapiro is a captivating exploration of the science, ethics, and potential of de-extinction. It provides valuable insights into the history of life on Earth and the challenges we face in a rapidly changing world. Anyone interested in paleontology, genetics, ecology, or the future of our planet will find this conversation both informative and thought-provoking. Prepare to question what you thought you knew about extinction, viruses, and the very nature of life itself.